Chapter 22 Lymphatic System Joshua Buchanan
22. What are interferons? How do they provide protection against viruses?
Interferons are proteins that protect the body against viral infection and perhaps some forms of cancer. They bind to the surface of neighboring cells where they stimulation production of anti—viral proteins, which fight of the viral infections.
30. What are allergic reactions and what are auto-immune diseases?
Allergic reactions are an overreaction of the immune system within a person’s body. Auto-immune disease result when self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissues destruction, the body basically attacks itself.
35. What type of antigens by MHC class one and two molecules?
MHC class Imolecules are found on nucleated cells; they display antigens produced inside the cells on their surfaces. MHC class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells, which include B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
40. Describe how antigen-presenting cells stimulate an increase in the number of helper T cells. Why is this important?
Antigen-presenting cells use MHC class II molecules to present processed antigens to helper T cells. Helper T cells respond to the MHC class II/antigen complex and costimulation by dividing. As a result, the number of helper T cells that recognize the antigen increases. This is important because these cells are responsible for the immune response that destroys the antigen.
47. What are the primary and secondary antibody responses? Why doesn’t the primary response prevent illness but the secondary response does?
The primary response results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen for which it is specific and includes a series of cell divisions, cell differentiation, and antibody production. The secondary response occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response. The secondary response results from memory b cells, which rapidly divide to produce plasma cells and large amounts of antibody when exposed to an antigen. The secondary response provides better protection for two reasons: the time required to produce antibodies is less and the amount of antibodies produced is larger.
53. Describe how interactions among innate, antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity can eliminate an antigen.
They all are a part of the body’s immune system response.
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Saturday, March 28, 2009
Wayne
[3x]Lonely once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
I am sittin on the clouds
I got smoke coming from my seat
I can play basketball with the moon
I got the whole world at my feet
Playin’ touch football on Marijuana Street
Or in a marijuana field
You are so beneath my cleats
Get high, so high that I feel like lying
Down in a cigar
Roll me up & smoke me cause
I feel like dying
[2x]Only once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
Swimming laps around a bottle of Louis The 13th
Jumping off of a mountain into a sea of Codine
I’m at the top of the top but still I climb
And if I should ever fall, the ground will then turn to wine
Pop, Pop, I feel like flying, then I feel like frying, then I feel like dying
[2x]Lonely once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
I can mingle with the stars & throw a party on Mars
I am a prisoner locked up behind Xanax bars
I have just boarded a plane without a pilot
And violets are blue,
Roses are red
Daisies are yellow,
The flowers are dead
Wish I can give you this feeling that I feel like buying
And if my dealer don’t have no more, then I feel like dying
[2x]Lonely once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
I am sittin on the clouds
I got smoke coming from my seat
I can play basketball with the moon
I got the whole world at my feet
Playin’ touch football on Marijuana Street
Or in a marijuana field
You are so beneath my cleats
Get high, so high that I feel like lying
Down in a cigar
Roll me up & smoke me cause
I feel like dying
[2x]Only once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
Swimming laps around a bottle of Louis The 13th
Jumping off of a mountain into a sea of Codine
I’m at the top of the top but still I climb
And if I should ever fall, the ground will then turn to wine
Pop, Pop, I feel like flying, then I feel like frying, then I feel like dying
[2x]Lonely once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
I can mingle with the stars & throw a party on Mars
I am a prisoner locked up behind Xanax bars
I have just boarded a plane without a pilot
And violets are blue,
Roses are red
Daisies are yellow,
The flowers are dead
Wish I can give you this feeling that I feel like buying
And if my dealer don’t have no more, then I feel like dying
[2x]Lonely once the drugs are done
That I feel like dying, I feel like dying
Thursday, March 26, 2009
#100
Awaken, lethargically to face the continual stampede of time
One can only hope to stay afloat
Endurance has limits, wishes should adopt such a stance
Repulsed and horrified upon gazing into the mirror
Countless ages spent amending one's being
The make-up farce makes up a new image
Dead to the old, apathetic to the future, frozen in the present
Helpless, hopeless, haunted
Sleep consumes the soul, opening uncharted dimensions
Tantalizing thoughts tainted through tranquility tease thine
Dreams are vicious cycles empowering psuedo-ideas
For I know the person you are
Lost forever in the perils of existence is who you were
And for that a lone tear becomes shed
Our time, visited only in my head
-by me, josh b
One can only hope to stay afloat
Endurance has limits, wishes should adopt such a stance
Repulsed and horrified upon gazing into the mirror
Countless ages spent amending one's being
The make-up farce makes up a new image
Dead to the old, apathetic to the future, frozen in the present
Helpless, hopeless, haunted
Sleep consumes the soul, opening uncharted dimensions
Tantalizing thoughts tainted through tranquility tease thine
Dreams are vicious cycles empowering psuedo-ideas
For I know the person you are
Lost forever in the perils of existence is who you were
And for that a lone tear becomes shed
Our time, visited only in my head
-by me, josh b
Apathy
Apathy etymologically derives from the Greek απάθεια (apatheia)[1], a term used by the Stoics to signify indifference for what one is not responsible for (that is, according to their philosophy, all things exterior, one being only responsible of his representations and judgments). Another way of understanding the way that the Stoics saw apathy was as "the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason."
Many Christians believe that the concept was then reappropriated by Christians, who adopted the term to express a contempt of all earthly concerns, a state of mortification, as the gospel prescribes. The word has been used since then among more devout writers. Clemens Alexandrinus, in particular, brought the term exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw the philosophers to Christianity, who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue.[1] Macaulay referred to "The apathy of despair." Prescott described "A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him . . . to leave events to take their own course."
The concept of apathy became more well-known after World War I, when it was called "shell shock". Soldiers who lived in the trenches amidst the bombing and machine gun fire, and who saw the battlefields strewn with dead and maimed comrades developed a sense of disconnected numbness and indifference to normal social interaction.
In 1950, US novelist John Dos Passos wrote that "Apathy is one of the characteristic responses of any living organism when it is subjected to stimuli too intense or too complicated to cope with. The cure for apathy is comprehension." US educational philosopher Robert Maynard Hutchins summarized the concerns about political indifference when he claimed that the "death of democracy is not likely to be an assassination from ambush. It will be a slow extinction from apathy, indifference, and undernourishment." -Muhammed Emre Ezber-
[edit] Relationship with illnesses
[edit] Depression
John McManamy argues that although psychiatrists do not explicitly deal with the condition of apathy, it is a psychological problem for some depressed people, in which they get a sense that "nothing matters", the "lack of will to go on and the inability to care about the consequences". [2] He describes depressed people who "...cannot seem to make myself do anything", who "can't complete anything", and who do not "feel any excitement about seeing loved ones". [3] He acknowledges that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not discuss apathy. In a Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences article from 1991, Dr Robert Marin MD claimed that apathy occurs due to brain damage or neuropsychiatric illnesses such as Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson's, or Huntington’s, or else an event such as a stroke. Marin argues that apathy should be regarded as a syndrome or illness. [4] A review article by Robert van Reekum MD et al from the University of Toronto in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry (2005) claimed that "depression and apathy were a package deal" in some populations.
Many Christians believe that the concept was then reappropriated by Christians, who adopted the term to express a contempt of all earthly concerns, a state of mortification, as the gospel prescribes. The word has been used since then among more devout writers. Clemens Alexandrinus, in particular, brought the term exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw the philosophers to Christianity, who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue.[1] Macaulay referred to "The apathy of despair." Prescott described "A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him . . . to leave events to take their own course."
The concept of apathy became more well-known after World War I, when it was called "shell shock". Soldiers who lived in the trenches amidst the bombing and machine gun fire, and who saw the battlefields strewn with dead and maimed comrades developed a sense of disconnected numbness and indifference to normal social interaction.
In 1950, US novelist John Dos Passos wrote that "Apathy is one of the characteristic responses of any living organism when it is subjected to stimuli too intense or too complicated to cope with. The cure for apathy is comprehension." US educational philosopher Robert Maynard Hutchins summarized the concerns about political indifference when he claimed that the "death of democracy is not likely to be an assassination from ambush. It will be a slow extinction from apathy, indifference, and undernourishment." -Muhammed Emre Ezber-
[edit] Relationship with illnesses
[edit] Depression
John McManamy argues that although psychiatrists do not explicitly deal with the condition of apathy, it is a psychological problem for some depressed people, in which they get a sense that "nothing matters", the "lack of will to go on and the inability to care about the consequences". [2] He describes depressed people who "...cannot seem to make myself do anything", who "can't complete anything", and who do not "feel any excitement about seeing loved ones". [3] He acknowledges that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not discuss apathy. In a Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences article from 1991, Dr Robert Marin MD claimed that apathy occurs due to brain damage or neuropsychiatric illnesses such as Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson's, or Huntington’s, or else an event such as a stroke. Marin argues that apathy should be regarded as a syndrome or illness. [4] A review article by Robert van Reekum MD et al from the University of Toronto in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry (2005) claimed that "depression and apathy were a package deal" in some populations.
Monday, March 16, 2009
My Term Paper
Joshua G. Buchanan
U.S. History
Joanna Freligh
March 16, 2009
Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel The Jungle begins by placing the reader amidst the events of a wedding day for two Lithuanian immigrants: Ona and Jurgis Rudkus. Sinclair depicts Lithuanian traditions and culture while also introducing and describing several of the novel’s main characters. The groom, Jurgis, is a tall, strong man who is somewhat socially awkward. Jurgis is very much in love with Ona and vows to “work harder” in an attempt to provide the best future for the two of them and their family. Ona herself is extremely beautiful and initially appears to be the opposite of Jurgis. Aside from the married couple, an additional character is presented; Ona’s Cousin Marija Berczynskas. Marija is an independent and strong willed female with an enormous personality. Along with Marija is Ona’s stepmother Elzbieta Lukoszaite. Elzbieta is the personification of the Old World. Accompanying these four on their journey to America are Jurgis’ father, Dede Antanas, Elzbieta’s brother, Jonas Lukoszaite, and Elzbieta’s six children; in all the total number of immigrants was equivalent to twelve. Upon arriving in America, the family travels to Chicago and reunites with a member of their village, Jokubus Szedvilas. Jokubus’ stories of riches and success found in America were the family’s motivation for leaving Lithuania. Joy overcomes Jokubus and he proceeds to lead the family to Packing Town outside of Chicago, the center of the meat industry for the United States. Jokubus is a successful owner of a delicatessen and enthusiastically entices the travelers to generate their fortune by working in Packing Town.
Finding work in Packing Town takes only a few hours for Jurgis, as his strong build attracts the attention from supervisors and receives a job shoveling guts of slaughtered animals. While Jurgis effortlessly becomes employed, the other family members encounter difficulties in securing a job and over time graciously accept any position which they are offered, regardless of the conditions and stipulations which surround working. With the family achieving financial stability, they seek to locate affordable housing. Owning a house is just a small step in achieving and living the American Dream, a goal coveted by every member of the family. Naively the family is tricked into buying a house and they soon fall victim to crafty business owners. The family quickly becomes acclimated to the swindles and grafting which perpetuates Packing Town. They soon discover the house they purchased has been built atop a land fill and they must pay a hefty insurance fee yearly, also the house is not new as advertised, only freshly painted, and until the house is completely paid off the family is forced to pay high interest rates each month. While shopping for furniture and groceries, the family regularly purchases second rate goods severely marked up. The house soon becomes an economic burden far too great to handle, forcing several of the children to drop out of school and falsify their ages in an attempt to work.
Every aspect of life in Packing Town is over shadowed by greed and profit. Sinclair illustrates the horrendous working conditions each family member is forced to endure. The majority of the factories and buildings only are illuminated by the sun, which is if they even have windows. Neither air conditioning nor hearting units are present, resulting in numerous cases of heat stroke in the summer and frost bit and pneumonia in the winter. Jurgis soon becomes able to state the occupation of any given individual simply by observing the symptoms of their illness. Employees are forced to essentially work in the filth of the animals they kill. This same filth is pushed down the production line where it is processed into lard, created into fertilizer, incorporated with sausages, or various other items for retail distribution. For in Packing Town, every part of the animal is used except for the squeal. The bosses and owners of the slaughterhouses are only concerned with making a profit and continually allow spoiled meat to pass inspection and be sent to the American consumer. Health inspectors are bribed to permit and ensure such acts will continue to occur.
As the realities of Packing Town present themselves, Jurgis begins to question the American dream. The family continues to face financial troubles throughout the year. With the arrival of winter comes the harsh, unforgiving cold. The snow piles up to the residents knees, and they still are required to be at work on time. Several of the family members catch cold and even frostbite. As the year progresses Ona becomes pregnant and gives birth to their son Antanas, named after his grandfather who passed away earlier in the year. His death was attributed to a sickness caught while working in the cellar of a factory. Ona is forced to return to work after only a week of maternity leave. Ona never fully heals and suffers the rest of her life; however this is not uncommon within Packing Town as all women return to work after child birth without adequate recovery periods. Before the family knows it, the winter has returned. Jurgis attempts to tackle and overcome the unrelenting snow by carrying his wife to and from work daily. During a mishap on the killing beds, Jurgis sprains his ankle. Overcome by fear of losing his position, Jurgis attempts to continue working, only to succumb to the pain. A doctor declares Jurgis to be out of work for three months, only forcing additional financial stress upon the family. The family manages to survive the winter only to discover in the spring Jonas has disappeared. When Jurgis is finally healed he promptly returns to work only to find his position given to a younger man. Jurgis once again is unemployed; however he no longer is the strong young man he was upon first arriving to Packing Town. Jurgis is forced to take a job with the fertilizing plant; a job deemed the lowest in all of Packing Town. Due to the inhumane working conditions and dangerously high toxin levels, Jurgis immediately begins to suffer from headaches and intense nausea, ultimately resulting in his health never fully recovering.
Throughout this time period, several family members are forced to seek out new job positions, none being better than before and with conditions continuing to decline. Jurgis surrenders to the consumption of alcohol and frequently retreats to it as an escape from his American Dream turned nightmare. Ona turns to prostitution in an attempt to secure additional income. The man she sleeps with is Phil Conner. Phil threatens economic instability on Ona’s family if she refuses. Upon realizing what Ona has been doing, Jurgis, in an enrage frenzy, attacks and attempt to kill Conner. With the aid and effort of several men, Jurgis is wrestled from Conner and sent to jail. When Jurgis appears in court, the judge has already been paid off and sentences Jurgis to 30 days in jail. When Jurgis cannot pay his court fines he is issued additional time in jail. While in jail Jurgis curses the cruel American society and the countless injustices forced upon him and his family. While in jail, Jurgis meets a fellow cellmate by the name of Jack Duane who preaches to him concerning the necessary war which must occur against society. Jurgis takes interest and a seed is planted in his mind. Upon being released from jail, Jurgis returns home, only to see it has been repainted and someone else taking up residence within. To Jurgis’ horror he is told his family had been evicted and is revealed the location in which they are currently living. A bewildered Jurgis races to his family only to walk in upon Ona giving birth; her child had come early. Ona endures several complications during child birth and dies upon completion; the baby also dies upon delivery. Awestruck and inconsolable, Jurgis announces he is going to get drunk, and retreats to a local bar. When Jurgis runs out of money he is forced to search for a job. After several unsuccessful attempts, Jurgis is told he has been black-listed due to his encounter with Phil Conner and will never find a job amongst the working class in Packing Town again. Jurgis looks to the union leaders in a final attempt for aid, through luck he is given a job, only to be laid off ten days later. There is heavy downfall on the following day, and Jurgis returns home to be told his son has drowned. In absolute shock Jurgis runs away from Packing Town and boards a train destined to the country side.
Jurgis is able to forget his family for the most part and eventually is forced to roam the streets as a beggar. One evening a drunken man invites Jurgis home and produces a one hundred dollar bill, which he precedes to give to Jurgis as travel fare. Jurgis pockets the money and attempts to break the bill at a bar, upon doing so the bar tenders gives him change for a one dollar bill and a fight ensues. Jurgis finds himself in jail once again along with a recognizable face, the face of Jack Duane. The two talk and Jurgis is influenced to accept Duane’s beliefs and attitudes toward life and once Jurgis is out of jail Duane introduces the criminal under world of Chicago to Jurgis. The two become involved in several illegal activities and after a while Jurgis lands a job working in the packing plants of Packing Town. Phil Conner happens to encounter Jurgis once more resulting in a brawl. Jurgis is severally beaten this time and is forced to pay all he has in an attempt to avoid harsh criminal penalties. When Jurgis is released on bail he skips town and is told where Marija resides. To Jurgis’ dismay Marija works in a brothel and is addicted to morphine. Jurgis, heartbroken, stumbles into a political rally where an old flame is reignited within him. After consulting the speaker, Jurgis decides socialism to be the only means of salvation for mankind. Jurgis continues to grow in his belief and infatuation with socialism. Jurgis finds work and continues to aid the Socialist Party. After gaining several political seats in the recent election, the Socialist Party declares a major victory and the novel concludes with an orator inciting a crowd with chants of “Chicago will be ours!”
Upton Sinclair presented several themes throughout The Jungle, The first of which was the farce conception of the American Dream. In the beginning chapters, Sinclair depicts how the Lithuanian family gathers all the money they heave and decide to set forth toward American in the hopes of achieving success and riches. These desires are fueled by the glorious tales concerning a fellow village member who attained success in America. Upon arriving in America Jurgis and his family are greeted with anything except a dream. The working and living conditions along with the brutality shown by the greedy slaughterhouse bosses are experiences no human should ever attempt to endure. Jurgis and his entire family are worn down and some even worked to death. Jurgis repeatedly loses everything and is thrown out on the street to fend for his own. The situations and occurrences Jurgis and his family encounter are sadly accurate depictions of the actual events transpiring during the time period.
A second major theme presented by Sinclair in The Jungle is one corruption. Every aspect of life in Packing Town was directly and heavily influenced by corruption. The primarily goal and concern ultimately lied within making a profit. Health inspectors were regularly paid off to allow contaminated meat to pass through inspections and on to the American consumer. Local judges and police were bribed to allow illegal actions to occur and for court rulings to result in favoring big industry. When it was time for elections, politicians paid the poor immigrant workers to vote in their favor. Once again I believe these were accurate illustrations of the time period in which the novel was set.
A third major theme of Sinclair’s The Jungle was the separation between working classes. Those at the bottom of this social ladder were forced to work at the bidding of those higher on the ladder. Those at the top were able to enforce the rules of their desire and implement the labor laws of their choice. Humans (mainly immigrants) who desired a working positions were forced to take whatever jobs were available and work the hours in which they required while receiving the stingy pay allotted. Eventually workers formed unions in an attempt to earn employee rights; however, the economic times were so strenuous that the need for jobs was at its highest, so while the unions could stage a walkout and strike, the business always had an ample supply of eager and willing bodies to fill the vacancies. This allowed for no gains to be made in worker’s rights and compensations. The poor were forced to continue to be poor, while the rich continued to be rich at the expense of the poor.
A fourth and final theme of The Jungle, was the agenda of the socialist party. This theme may be supreme over the other themes in The Jungle. Sinclair’s main goal was to portray capitalism as an evil empire while forced the poor to succumb to the desires of the rich and forever be lock in an infinite losing battle. Sinclair describes the slow, cruel, and brutal destruction of Jurgis and his family who gave everything they owned to come to America in pursuit of the American Dream. Sinclair attempted to pursue readers into believing Socialism was the only hope for salvaging this American Dream gone wrong. Every aspect of the novel points to accepting Socialism as answer for the addressing the evils created by Capitalism. While I myself am not a supporter of Socialism, I, along with one who reads The Jungle, must confess there was no justification for the horrors and atrocities depicted in Sinclair’s writings; especially when these accounts were based on truth and not fiction. Even the President could not deny the events transpiring. All political views set aside, the fallout generate and legislation passed as a direct result of The Jungle were needed and made American a better place and helped shape it into the great nation it is today.
The conditions depicted by Sinclair in The Jungle are ones no human should ever have to face. Impossible working hours, meager pay, horrendous working conditions, lack of sympathy from supervisors, the unremarkable amount of corruption, and the sheer indecency forced upon residents of Packing Town are not justifiable and are in no way indicative to human survival. The idea that these actions were allow to continue and even prosper are enough to make anyone ashamed to sit idly and allow the events to transpire. I would never believe accounts such as these occurred in American history if I have not read the first hand reports for myself. America is the country of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; not a place where the rich enslave the naïve in an endless battle for survival.
Sinclair’s decision to entitle his novel The Jungle is a fitting and fair choice. Chicago and Packing Town were depicted to be wild, harsh and have a set chain of order in which only the strong survived; exactly as in a jungle. Likewise in a jungle, the ones on top are directly in control of the lives of those subservient to them. Those in power were essentially the law, for they had the money to pay off any official and to bride anyone to look the other way. Life in Packing Town was equivalent to that of a jungle; only I believe animals treat each other better than they way rich humans treated the poor humans.
Upon my completion of reading Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel The Jungle, I can only stand in awe and sheer dismay from the illustrations and depictions of everyday life in Packing Town. The cruelty and apathy shown by those in charge of the slaughterhouse are actions not reserved for the evilest and vile criminals. The ability to attracted people only trying to achieve the American Dream and then force them into bondage with never an option to escape is one which is completely and utterly unjustifiable. Grinding men and families down to a mere pulp and then to throw out onto the street as if they were yesterday’s trash is in stark contrast to the ideals and goals set forth by the nation’s founding fathers. As if these atrocities were not enough, the idea that the products being produced in these factories were being allowed to be consumed is horrifying. Once again those in charge never once batted and eye toward these events. Their primary goal was generating a profit and ensuring that profit would be preserved. I applaud congress for the passage of legislation concerning the food produced in factories. I only wish congress would have continued their efforts and instated more civil liberties and rights to employees before they did. The thought that congress allowed for the mistreatment of employees to continue is awful and flat out wrong. Only half the problem was addressed and fixed, no human should be forced into bondage of any kind. I also prefer for the Socialist overtones to be omitted from this writing. I know Sinclair was a diehard Socialist and pursuing Americans to join his cause was the primary goal behind his writing, I could have done without reading the dull conversation between the evangelist and the philosophy professor. American was founded, and thrived on the concept of Capitalism. Yes the greed for power and money by those in power lead to the tragic events described within Sinclair’s , The Jungle, I still believe Capitalism is the only way for America to endure and remain true to her roots and concepts for creation. All in all Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, is an important piece of American literature. Sinclair’s writings exposed the truth behind the beef industry and many others similar to it. Several acts of legislation were passed and Americans can sit down to dinner without the hesitancy and perceived notion of disgust when pondering the origins of their steak.
U.S. History
Joanna Freligh
March 16, 2009
Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel The Jungle begins by placing the reader amidst the events of a wedding day for two Lithuanian immigrants: Ona and Jurgis Rudkus. Sinclair depicts Lithuanian traditions and culture while also introducing and describing several of the novel’s main characters. The groom, Jurgis, is a tall, strong man who is somewhat socially awkward. Jurgis is very much in love with Ona and vows to “work harder” in an attempt to provide the best future for the two of them and their family. Ona herself is extremely beautiful and initially appears to be the opposite of Jurgis. Aside from the married couple, an additional character is presented; Ona’s Cousin Marija Berczynskas. Marija is an independent and strong willed female with an enormous personality. Along with Marija is Ona’s stepmother Elzbieta Lukoszaite. Elzbieta is the personification of the Old World. Accompanying these four on their journey to America are Jurgis’ father, Dede Antanas, Elzbieta’s brother, Jonas Lukoszaite, and Elzbieta’s six children; in all the total number of immigrants was equivalent to twelve. Upon arriving in America, the family travels to Chicago and reunites with a member of their village, Jokubus Szedvilas. Jokubus’ stories of riches and success found in America were the family’s motivation for leaving Lithuania. Joy overcomes Jokubus and he proceeds to lead the family to Packing Town outside of Chicago, the center of the meat industry for the United States. Jokubus is a successful owner of a delicatessen and enthusiastically entices the travelers to generate their fortune by working in Packing Town.
Finding work in Packing Town takes only a few hours for Jurgis, as his strong build attracts the attention from supervisors and receives a job shoveling guts of slaughtered animals. While Jurgis effortlessly becomes employed, the other family members encounter difficulties in securing a job and over time graciously accept any position which they are offered, regardless of the conditions and stipulations which surround working. With the family achieving financial stability, they seek to locate affordable housing. Owning a house is just a small step in achieving and living the American Dream, a goal coveted by every member of the family. Naively the family is tricked into buying a house and they soon fall victim to crafty business owners. The family quickly becomes acclimated to the swindles and grafting which perpetuates Packing Town. They soon discover the house they purchased has been built atop a land fill and they must pay a hefty insurance fee yearly, also the house is not new as advertised, only freshly painted, and until the house is completely paid off the family is forced to pay high interest rates each month. While shopping for furniture and groceries, the family regularly purchases second rate goods severely marked up. The house soon becomes an economic burden far too great to handle, forcing several of the children to drop out of school and falsify their ages in an attempt to work.
Every aspect of life in Packing Town is over shadowed by greed and profit. Sinclair illustrates the horrendous working conditions each family member is forced to endure. The majority of the factories and buildings only are illuminated by the sun, which is if they even have windows. Neither air conditioning nor hearting units are present, resulting in numerous cases of heat stroke in the summer and frost bit and pneumonia in the winter. Jurgis soon becomes able to state the occupation of any given individual simply by observing the symptoms of their illness. Employees are forced to essentially work in the filth of the animals they kill. This same filth is pushed down the production line where it is processed into lard, created into fertilizer, incorporated with sausages, or various other items for retail distribution. For in Packing Town, every part of the animal is used except for the squeal. The bosses and owners of the slaughterhouses are only concerned with making a profit and continually allow spoiled meat to pass inspection and be sent to the American consumer. Health inspectors are bribed to permit and ensure such acts will continue to occur.
As the realities of Packing Town present themselves, Jurgis begins to question the American dream. The family continues to face financial troubles throughout the year. With the arrival of winter comes the harsh, unforgiving cold. The snow piles up to the residents knees, and they still are required to be at work on time. Several of the family members catch cold and even frostbite. As the year progresses Ona becomes pregnant and gives birth to their son Antanas, named after his grandfather who passed away earlier in the year. His death was attributed to a sickness caught while working in the cellar of a factory. Ona is forced to return to work after only a week of maternity leave. Ona never fully heals and suffers the rest of her life; however this is not uncommon within Packing Town as all women return to work after child birth without adequate recovery periods. Before the family knows it, the winter has returned. Jurgis attempts to tackle and overcome the unrelenting snow by carrying his wife to and from work daily. During a mishap on the killing beds, Jurgis sprains his ankle. Overcome by fear of losing his position, Jurgis attempts to continue working, only to succumb to the pain. A doctor declares Jurgis to be out of work for three months, only forcing additional financial stress upon the family. The family manages to survive the winter only to discover in the spring Jonas has disappeared. When Jurgis is finally healed he promptly returns to work only to find his position given to a younger man. Jurgis once again is unemployed; however he no longer is the strong young man he was upon first arriving to Packing Town. Jurgis is forced to take a job with the fertilizing plant; a job deemed the lowest in all of Packing Town. Due to the inhumane working conditions and dangerously high toxin levels, Jurgis immediately begins to suffer from headaches and intense nausea, ultimately resulting in his health never fully recovering.
Throughout this time period, several family members are forced to seek out new job positions, none being better than before and with conditions continuing to decline. Jurgis surrenders to the consumption of alcohol and frequently retreats to it as an escape from his American Dream turned nightmare. Ona turns to prostitution in an attempt to secure additional income. The man she sleeps with is Phil Conner. Phil threatens economic instability on Ona’s family if she refuses. Upon realizing what Ona has been doing, Jurgis, in an enrage frenzy, attacks and attempt to kill Conner. With the aid and effort of several men, Jurgis is wrestled from Conner and sent to jail. When Jurgis appears in court, the judge has already been paid off and sentences Jurgis to 30 days in jail. When Jurgis cannot pay his court fines he is issued additional time in jail. While in jail Jurgis curses the cruel American society and the countless injustices forced upon him and his family. While in jail, Jurgis meets a fellow cellmate by the name of Jack Duane who preaches to him concerning the necessary war which must occur against society. Jurgis takes interest and a seed is planted in his mind. Upon being released from jail, Jurgis returns home, only to see it has been repainted and someone else taking up residence within. To Jurgis’ horror he is told his family had been evicted and is revealed the location in which they are currently living. A bewildered Jurgis races to his family only to walk in upon Ona giving birth; her child had come early. Ona endures several complications during child birth and dies upon completion; the baby also dies upon delivery. Awestruck and inconsolable, Jurgis announces he is going to get drunk, and retreats to a local bar. When Jurgis runs out of money he is forced to search for a job. After several unsuccessful attempts, Jurgis is told he has been black-listed due to his encounter with Phil Conner and will never find a job amongst the working class in Packing Town again. Jurgis looks to the union leaders in a final attempt for aid, through luck he is given a job, only to be laid off ten days later. There is heavy downfall on the following day, and Jurgis returns home to be told his son has drowned. In absolute shock Jurgis runs away from Packing Town and boards a train destined to the country side.
Jurgis is able to forget his family for the most part and eventually is forced to roam the streets as a beggar. One evening a drunken man invites Jurgis home and produces a one hundred dollar bill, which he precedes to give to Jurgis as travel fare. Jurgis pockets the money and attempts to break the bill at a bar, upon doing so the bar tenders gives him change for a one dollar bill and a fight ensues. Jurgis finds himself in jail once again along with a recognizable face, the face of Jack Duane. The two talk and Jurgis is influenced to accept Duane’s beliefs and attitudes toward life and once Jurgis is out of jail Duane introduces the criminal under world of Chicago to Jurgis. The two become involved in several illegal activities and after a while Jurgis lands a job working in the packing plants of Packing Town. Phil Conner happens to encounter Jurgis once more resulting in a brawl. Jurgis is severally beaten this time and is forced to pay all he has in an attempt to avoid harsh criminal penalties. When Jurgis is released on bail he skips town and is told where Marija resides. To Jurgis’ dismay Marija works in a brothel and is addicted to morphine. Jurgis, heartbroken, stumbles into a political rally where an old flame is reignited within him. After consulting the speaker, Jurgis decides socialism to be the only means of salvation for mankind. Jurgis continues to grow in his belief and infatuation with socialism. Jurgis finds work and continues to aid the Socialist Party. After gaining several political seats in the recent election, the Socialist Party declares a major victory and the novel concludes with an orator inciting a crowd with chants of “Chicago will be ours!”
Upton Sinclair presented several themes throughout The Jungle, The first of which was the farce conception of the American Dream. In the beginning chapters, Sinclair depicts how the Lithuanian family gathers all the money they heave and decide to set forth toward American in the hopes of achieving success and riches. These desires are fueled by the glorious tales concerning a fellow village member who attained success in America. Upon arriving in America Jurgis and his family are greeted with anything except a dream. The working and living conditions along with the brutality shown by the greedy slaughterhouse bosses are experiences no human should ever attempt to endure. Jurgis and his entire family are worn down and some even worked to death. Jurgis repeatedly loses everything and is thrown out on the street to fend for his own. The situations and occurrences Jurgis and his family encounter are sadly accurate depictions of the actual events transpiring during the time period.
A second major theme presented by Sinclair in The Jungle is one corruption. Every aspect of life in Packing Town was directly and heavily influenced by corruption. The primarily goal and concern ultimately lied within making a profit. Health inspectors were regularly paid off to allow contaminated meat to pass through inspections and on to the American consumer. Local judges and police were bribed to allow illegal actions to occur and for court rulings to result in favoring big industry. When it was time for elections, politicians paid the poor immigrant workers to vote in their favor. Once again I believe these were accurate illustrations of the time period in which the novel was set.
A third major theme of Sinclair’s The Jungle was the separation between working classes. Those at the bottom of this social ladder were forced to work at the bidding of those higher on the ladder. Those at the top were able to enforce the rules of their desire and implement the labor laws of their choice. Humans (mainly immigrants) who desired a working positions were forced to take whatever jobs were available and work the hours in which they required while receiving the stingy pay allotted. Eventually workers formed unions in an attempt to earn employee rights; however, the economic times were so strenuous that the need for jobs was at its highest, so while the unions could stage a walkout and strike, the business always had an ample supply of eager and willing bodies to fill the vacancies. This allowed for no gains to be made in worker’s rights and compensations. The poor were forced to continue to be poor, while the rich continued to be rich at the expense of the poor.
A fourth and final theme of The Jungle, was the agenda of the socialist party. This theme may be supreme over the other themes in The Jungle. Sinclair’s main goal was to portray capitalism as an evil empire while forced the poor to succumb to the desires of the rich and forever be lock in an infinite losing battle. Sinclair describes the slow, cruel, and brutal destruction of Jurgis and his family who gave everything they owned to come to America in pursuit of the American Dream. Sinclair attempted to pursue readers into believing Socialism was the only hope for salvaging this American Dream gone wrong. Every aspect of the novel points to accepting Socialism as answer for the addressing the evils created by Capitalism. While I myself am not a supporter of Socialism, I, along with one who reads The Jungle, must confess there was no justification for the horrors and atrocities depicted in Sinclair’s writings; especially when these accounts were based on truth and not fiction. Even the President could not deny the events transpiring. All political views set aside, the fallout generate and legislation passed as a direct result of The Jungle were needed and made American a better place and helped shape it into the great nation it is today.
The conditions depicted by Sinclair in The Jungle are ones no human should ever have to face. Impossible working hours, meager pay, horrendous working conditions, lack of sympathy from supervisors, the unremarkable amount of corruption, and the sheer indecency forced upon residents of Packing Town are not justifiable and are in no way indicative to human survival. The idea that these actions were allow to continue and even prosper are enough to make anyone ashamed to sit idly and allow the events to transpire. I would never believe accounts such as these occurred in American history if I have not read the first hand reports for myself. America is the country of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; not a place where the rich enslave the naïve in an endless battle for survival.
Sinclair’s decision to entitle his novel The Jungle is a fitting and fair choice. Chicago and Packing Town were depicted to be wild, harsh and have a set chain of order in which only the strong survived; exactly as in a jungle. Likewise in a jungle, the ones on top are directly in control of the lives of those subservient to them. Those in power were essentially the law, for they had the money to pay off any official and to bride anyone to look the other way. Life in Packing Town was equivalent to that of a jungle; only I believe animals treat each other better than they way rich humans treated the poor humans.
Upon my completion of reading Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel The Jungle, I can only stand in awe and sheer dismay from the illustrations and depictions of everyday life in Packing Town. The cruelty and apathy shown by those in charge of the slaughterhouse are actions not reserved for the evilest and vile criminals. The ability to attracted people only trying to achieve the American Dream and then force them into bondage with never an option to escape is one which is completely and utterly unjustifiable. Grinding men and families down to a mere pulp and then to throw out onto the street as if they were yesterday’s trash is in stark contrast to the ideals and goals set forth by the nation’s founding fathers. As if these atrocities were not enough, the idea that the products being produced in these factories were being allowed to be consumed is horrifying. Once again those in charge never once batted and eye toward these events. Their primary goal was generating a profit and ensuring that profit would be preserved. I applaud congress for the passage of legislation concerning the food produced in factories. I only wish congress would have continued their efforts and instated more civil liberties and rights to employees before they did. The thought that congress allowed for the mistreatment of employees to continue is awful and flat out wrong. Only half the problem was addressed and fixed, no human should be forced into bondage of any kind. I also prefer for the Socialist overtones to be omitted from this writing. I know Sinclair was a diehard Socialist and pursuing Americans to join his cause was the primary goal behind his writing, I could have done without reading the dull conversation between the evangelist and the philosophy professor. American was founded, and thrived on the concept of Capitalism. Yes the greed for power and money by those in power lead to the tragic events described within Sinclair’s , The Jungle, I still believe Capitalism is the only way for America to endure and remain true to her roots and concepts for creation. All in all Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, is an important piece of American literature. Sinclair’s writings exposed the truth behind the beef industry and many others similar to it. Several acts of legislation were passed and Americans can sit down to dinner without the hesitancy and perceived notion of disgust when pondering the origins of their steak.
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
X-Men
The group's name is a reference to the "X Gene", an unknown gene that causes mutant evolution. Co-creator Stan Lee recalled in his book Son of Origins of Marvel Comics that he devised the series' title after Marvel publisher Martin Goodman turned down the initial name -- "The Mutants" -- which originally referred to "Xtra Powers", stating that readers wouldn't know what a "mutant" was. In addition to this "official" explanation, the X-Men are widely regarded, within the Marvel Universe (as well as by the readers of the series), to have been named after Xavier himself. In Uncanny X-Men #309, Xavier claims that the name "X-Men" was never sought out to be a self-tribute. This lends credence to the statement Xavier made in Uncanny X-Men #1, in which Xavier stated he called the team X-Men "for ex-tra power!"
The X-Men were founded by the paraplegic telepath Professor Charles Xavier a.k.a. Professor X. Xavier gathered the X-Men under the cover of Professor Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters at a large country estate at 1407 Graymalkin Lane in Salem Center, a small town in Westchester County, New York. The original X-Men consisted of five teenagers, each of whom the professor taught to control their powers: Angel/Warren Worthington III, Beast/Hank McCoy, Cyclops/Scott Summers, Iceman/Bobby Drake, and Marvel Girl/Jean Grey.
[edit] 1960s
Early X-Men issues introduced the team's arch enemy Magneto and his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants featuring Mastermind, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, and the Toad. Ironically, the cast of this comic book series, which would later become a vehicle for stories about prejudice and racism, was originally racially and ethnically homogeneous, seemingly comprised entirely of the WASP-type character that was the de facto model for most comic book heroes at that time. Furthermore, their arch nemesis was Magneto, a character later portrayed as a Jewish concentration camp survivor. His key followers, Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch, were Roma (gypsies). Only one new member of the X-Men was added, Mimic/Calvin Rankin, but soon left due to his temporary loss of power.
In 1969, writer Roy Thomas and illustrator Neal Adams rejuvenated the comic book and gave regular roles to two recently introduced characters: Havok/Alex Summers (who had been introduced by Roy Thomas before Adams began work on the strip) and Lorna Dane, later called Polaris (created by Arnold Drake and Jim Steranko). However, these early X-Men issues failed to attract sales and Marvel stopped producing new stories with issue #66, although a number of the older comics were later reprinted as issues #67-93.
The X-Men were founded by the paraplegic telepath Professor Charles Xavier a.k.a. Professor X. Xavier gathered the X-Men under the cover of Professor Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters at a large country estate at 1407 Graymalkin Lane in Salem Center, a small town in Westchester County, New York. The original X-Men consisted of five teenagers, each of whom the professor taught to control their powers: Angel/Warren Worthington III, Beast/Hank McCoy, Cyclops/Scott Summers, Iceman/Bobby Drake, and Marvel Girl/Jean Grey.
[edit] 1960s
Early X-Men issues introduced the team's arch enemy Magneto and his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants featuring Mastermind, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, and the Toad. Ironically, the cast of this comic book series, which would later become a vehicle for stories about prejudice and racism, was originally racially and ethnically homogeneous, seemingly comprised entirely of the WASP-type character that was the de facto model for most comic book heroes at that time. Furthermore, their arch nemesis was Magneto, a character later portrayed as a Jewish concentration camp survivor. His key followers, Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch, were Roma (gypsies). Only one new member of the X-Men was added, Mimic/Calvin Rankin, but soon left due to his temporary loss of power.
In 1969, writer Roy Thomas and illustrator Neal Adams rejuvenated the comic book and gave regular roles to two recently introduced characters: Havok/Alex Summers (who had been introduced by Roy Thomas before Adams began work on the strip) and Lorna Dane, later called Polaris (created by Arnold Drake and Jim Steranko). However, these early X-Men issues failed to attract sales and Marvel stopped producing new stories with issue #66, although a number of the older comics were later reprinted as issues #67-93.
Saturday, March 7, 2009
Eh, extreme sad face, f my life
The song came and went
Like the times that we spent
Hiding out from the rain under the carnival tent
I laughed and shed smile
It would last for awhile
You dont know what you got till you lose it all again
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
A cool evening dance
Listening to the bluegrass band takes the chill
>from the air till they play the last song
Ill do my time
Keeping you off my mind but theres moments
That I find, Im not feeling so strong
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
Running down by the lakeshore
She did love the sound of a summer storm
It played on the lake like a mandolin
Now its washing her away again
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
The boats steaming in
I watch the sidewheel spin and i
Think about her when I hear that whistle blow
I cant change my mind
I knew all the time that shed go
But thats a choice I made long ago
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
Scott sang this on American idol
This guy brought the house down
And he's blind
yes, blind
I really really like this guy
but damn, this song, f me
blah, i hate these type of posts, and I will go back to my homework postings
idk
I wish I could just drink,and drink, and drink, and be able to forget everything and move on like shit never meant anything but shit to me
hate is a cover up
Like the times that we spent
Hiding out from the rain under the carnival tent
I laughed and shed smile
It would last for awhile
You dont know what you got till you lose it all again
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
A cool evening dance
Listening to the bluegrass band takes the chill
>from the air till they play the last song
Ill do my time
Keeping you off my mind but theres moments
That I find, Im not feeling so strong
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
Running down by the lakeshore
She did love the sound of a summer storm
It played on the lake like a mandolin
Now its washing her away again
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
The boats steaming in
I watch the sidewheel spin and i
Think about her when I hear that whistle blow
I cant change my mind
I knew all the time that shed go
But thats a choice I made long ago
Listen to the mandolin rain
Listen to the music on the lake
Listen to my heart break every time she runs away
Listen to the banjo wind
A sad song drifting low
Listen to the tears roll
Down my face as she turns to go
Scott sang this on American idol
This guy brought the house down
And he's blind
yes, blind
I really really like this guy
but damn, this song, f me
blah, i hate these type of posts, and I will go back to my homework postings
idk
I wish I could just drink,and drink, and drink, and be able to forget everything and move on like shit never meant anything but shit to me
hate is a cover up
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
just another day
Chapter 21 Questions: 21, 38, 48, 50, 58
21. What areas of the3 body are supplied by the paired arteries that branch from the abdominal aorta? The unpaired arteries? Name the three major unpaired branches.
The paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta supply the kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the gonads. The parietal arteries of the abdominal aorta supply the diaphragm and the abdominal wall. Three major unpaired branches exist: the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery. Each has several major branches supplying the abdominal organs.
38. Define vascular compliance. Do veins or arteries have a greater compliance?
Vascular compliance is the tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as the blood pressure increases. The more easily the vessel wall stretches, the greater its compliance. Veins have a greater compliance. Veins act as storage areas, or reservoirs, for blood because their large compliance allows them to hold much more blood than other areas of the vascular system.
48. How do blood volume and venous tone affect cardiac output?
If blood volume is increased because of a rapid transfusion, the amount of blood flow to the heart through the veins increases. A rapid loss of a large volume of blood decreases venous return to the heart, which decreases the preload and cardiac output. Increased sympathetic stimulation increases venous tone by causing constriction which forces the large venous volume to flow toward the heart. This increase in venous volume results in an increase in cardiac volume. A decrease in sympathetic stimulation results in less venous tone and less return to the heart causing decreased cardiac output.
50. Explain how vasodilator substances and nutrients are involved with local control of blood flow. What is vasomotion? What is auto regulation of local blood flow?
As the rate of metabolism increases in a tissue, blood flow through its capillary increases as well. Vasodilator substances are produced as the rate of metabolism increases. The vasodilator substances then diffuse from the tissues supplied by the capillary and cause vasodilation. Several chemicals, including carbon dioxide, lactic acid, adenosine, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, endothelium-derived relaxation factor, potassium ions, and hydrogen ions, cause vasodilation, and they increase the concentration of the extracellular fluid as the rate of metabolism in tissues increases. Smooth muscle cells relax as a response to a lack of oxygen and other nutrients, resulting in vasodilation. Vasomotion is the periodic contraction and relaxation of the precapillary sphincters resulting in cyclic fluctuation of blood flow through the capillaries. The maintenance of blood flow by tissues is called auto regulation, which causes blood flow through tissues to remain relatively constant.
58. Where are the chemoreceptor for carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen located? Describe what happens when oxygen levels in the blood decrease.
Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies. When oxygen availability decreases in the chemoreceptor cells, the frequency of action potentials increases and stimulates the vasomotor center, resulting in increased vasomotor tone. This increase tone cause an increase in venous blood pumped to the heart, resulting in an increased cardiac output.
21. What areas of the3 body are supplied by the paired arteries that branch from the abdominal aorta? The unpaired arteries? Name the three major unpaired branches.
The paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta supply the kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the gonads. The parietal arteries of the abdominal aorta supply the diaphragm and the abdominal wall. Three major unpaired branches exist: the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery. Each has several major branches supplying the abdominal organs.
38. Define vascular compliance. Do veins or arteries have a greater compliance?
Vascular compliance is the tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as the blood pressure increases. The more easily the vessel wall stretches, the greater its compliance. Veins have a greater compliance. Veins act as storage areas, or reservoirs, for blood because their large compliance allows them to hold much more blood than other areas of the vascular system.
48. How do blood volume and venous tone affect cardiac output?
If blood volume is increased because of a rapid transfusion, the amount of blood flow to the heart through the veins increases. A rapid loss of a large volume of blood decreases venous return to the heart, which decreases the preload and cardiac output. Increased sympathetic stimulation increases venous tone by causing constriction which forces the large venous volume to flow toward the heart. This increase in venous volume results in an increase in cardiac volume. A decrease in sympathetic stimulation results in less venous tone and less return to the heart causing decreased cardiac output.
50. Explain how vasodilator substances and nutrients are involved with local control of blood flow. What is vasomotion? What is auto regulation of local blood flow?
As the rate of metabolism increases in a tissue, blood flow through its capillary increases as well. Vasodilator substances are produced as the rate of metabolism increases. The vasodilator substances then diffuse from the tissues supplied by the capillary and cause vasodilation. Several chemicals, including carbon dioxide, lactic acid, adenosine, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, endothelium-derived relaxation factor, potassium ions, and hydrogen ions, cause vasodilation, and they increase the concentration of the extracellular fluid as the rate of metabolism in tissues increases. Smooth muscle cells relax as a response to a lack of oxygen and other nutrients, resulting in vasodilation. Vasomotion is the periodic contraction and relaxation of the precapillary sphincters resulting in cyclic fluctuation of blood flow through the capillaries. The maintenance of blood flow by tissues is called auto regulation, which causes blood flow through tissues to remain relatively constant.
58. Where are the chemoreceptor for carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen located? Describe what happens when oxygen levels in the blood decrease.
Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies. When oxygen availability decreases in the chemoreceptor cells, the frequency of action potentials increases and stimulates the vasomotor center, resulting in increased vasomotor tone. This increase tone cause an increase in venous blood pumped to the heart, resulting in an increased cardiac output.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
Whoa, what a whore
Chapter 21 Questions
1. Name, in order, all the types of blood vessels, starting at the heart, going into the tissues, and returning to the heart.
The ventricles pump blood from the heart into large, elastic arteries. The elastic arteries gradually turn into muscular arteries, and from there they become arterioles. Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries. From the capillaries, blood flows into the venous system by way of venules. Venules grow larger and become small veins, and from there the small veins grow larger and become medium and or large veins. The large veins eventually bring the blood back to the heart by way of the inferior or superior vena cava.
2. Describe the structure of a capillary.
The capillary wall consists primarily of endothelial cells which rest on a basement membrane. Outside the basement membrane is a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the capillary. Pericapillary cells lie between the endothelial cells and the basement membrane.
3. Compare the structure of the three types of capillaries. Explain the ways that materials pass through capillary walls.
Continuous capillaries have walls which have no gaps between the endothelial cells. Continuous capillaries are less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types. Fenestrated capillaries have numerous fenestrates between the endothelial cells. Fenestrate capillaries are in tissues where capillaries are highly permeable. Sinusoidal capillaries have much larger fenestrate than the fenestrate capillaries and gaps may exist between endothelial cells. Substances cross capillary walls by diffusing through the endothelial cells, through fenestrate, or between endothelial cells.
4. Describe the capillary network. Where is the smooth muscle that regulates blood flow into and through the capillary network located? What is the function of a thoroughfare channel?
Arterioles supply blood to each capillary network. Blood then flows through the capillary network and into the venules. Smooth muscle cells called precapillary sphincters are located at the origin of the branches of the metarterioles. Thoroughfare channels connect metarterioles to venules.
5. Contrast the function of capillaries in the skin with the function of capillaries in muscle tissue.
Capillaries in the skin function in thermoregulation, and heat loss results from the flow of a large volume of blood through them. In muscle, however, nutrient and waste product exchange is the major function of the capillaries.
6. Name the three layers of a blood vessel. What kinds of tissue are in each layer?
The tunica intima consists of endothelium, a delicate connective tissue basement membrane, a thin layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria, and a fenestrated layer of elastic fibers called the internal elastic membrane.
The tunica media consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel. The tunica media also contains variable amounts of elastic and collagen fibers, depending on the size of the vessel.
The tunica adventitia is composed of connective tissue, which varies from dense connective tissue near the tunica media to loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessel.
7. Compare the amount of elastic fibers and smooth muscle found in each type of artery and vein.
Large elastic arteries have a large amount of elastic tissue and a smaller amount of smooth muscle occurring in their walls. Muscular arteries have relatively thick walls because the tunica media contains 25-40 layers of smooth muscle. Arterioles have no observable elastic membrane and the tunica media consists of one or two layers of circular smooth muscle cells. Venules and small veins have a few smooth muscle cells. Medium and large veins have a few scattered elastic fibers and the tunica media is thin and composed of a thin layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells.
8. What is the function of valves in the blood vessels? In which blood vessels are they found?
Valves allow blood to flow toward the heart but not in the opposite direction. Many valves are present in the medium veins, and the number is greater in veins of the lower extremities than in veins of the upper extremities.
9. Define vasa vasorum and arteriovenous anastamosis, and give their function. Define portal veins and name two examples.
Vasa vasorum are blood vessels which penetrate from the exterior of the blood vessel to form a capillary network in the tunica adventitia and the tunica media. These networks provide nutrients to blood vessels. Arteriovenous anastamosis allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries. Portal veins are veins that begin in a primary capillary network, extend some distance, and end in a secondary capillary network. There is no pumping mechanism like the heart between the two capillary networks. There are two systems of portal veins in humans: the hepatic portal system and the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.
10. Describe the innervation of the walls of blood vessels. Which types of vessels have the greatest innervation?
Nerve fibers branch to form plexuses in the tunica adventitia, and nerve terminals containing neurotransmitter vesicles project among smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. Small arteries and arterioles are innervated to a greater extent than other blood vessel types.
11. Describe the changes that occur in the arteries due to aging. In which vessels do the most significant changes occur?
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries. It consists of degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic. Arteriosclerosis greatly increases resistance to blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the deposition of material in the walls of the arteries to form distinct plaques. It is a common type of arteriosclerosis. The plaques narrow the lumens of blood vessels and make their walls less elastic. The most significant changes occur in the large elastic arteries, such as the aorta, the large arteries that carry blood to the brain, and the coronary arteries.
12. Name the factors associated with premature arteriosclerosis.
There are many risk factors associated with the development of arteriosclerosis. These factors include being at an advanced age, being a male, being a postmenopausal woman, having a family history of arteriosclerosis, smoking cigarettes, having hypertension, having diabetes mellitus, having increased blood LDL and cholesterol levels, being overweight, leading a sedentary lifestyle, and having high blood triglyceride levels.
13. For the vessels of the pulmonary circulation, give their starting point, ending point, and function.
The heart pumps blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. This short vessel branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, one transporting blood to each lung. Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs between air in the lungs and the blood. Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter the left atrium.
14. Name the parts of the aorta.
The aorta is usually divided into three parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.
15. Name the arteries that branch from the aorta to supply the heart.
The coronary arteries are the only branches of the aorta which supply the heart.
16. Name the arteries that branch from the aorta to supply the head neck.
The brachiocephalic artery branches off to form the right common carotid artery which transports blood to the right side of the head and neck. The left common carotid artery supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck. The common carotid arteries continue superiorly and branch to form the internal and external carotid arteries. The external carotid arteries have several branches that supply the structures of the neck and face. The internal carotid arteries, together with the vertebral arteries, which are branches of the subclavian arteries, supply the brain with blood.
1. Name, in order, all the types of blood vessels, starting at the heart, going into the tissues, and returning to the heart.
The ventricles pump blood from the heart into large, elastic arteries. The elastic arteries gradually turn into muscular arteries, and from there they become arterioles. Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries. From the capillaries, blood flows into the venous system by way of venules. Venules grow larger and become small veins, and from there the small veins grow larger and become medium and or large veins. The large veins eventually bring the blood back to the heart by way of the inferior or superior vena cava.
2. Describe the structure of a capillary.
The capillary wall consists primarily of endothelial cells which rest on a basement membrane. Outside the basement membrane is a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the capillary. Pericapillary cells lie between the endothelial cells and the basement membrane.
3. Compare the structure of the three types of capillaries. Explain the ways that materials pass through capillary walls.
Continuous capillaries have walls which have no gaps between the endothelial cells. Continuous capillaries are less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types. Fenestrated capillaries have numerous fenestrates between the endothelial cells. Fenestrate capillaries are in tissues where capillaries are highly permeable. Sinusoidal capillaries have much larger fenestrate than the fenestrate capillaries and gaps may exist between endothelial cells. Substances cross capillary walls by diffusing through the endothelial cells, through fenestrate, or between endothelial cells.
4. Describe the capillary network. Where is the smooth muscle that regulates blood flow into and through the capillary network located? What is the function of a thoroughfare channel?
Arterioles supply blood to each capillary network. Blood then flows through the capillary network and into the venules. Smooth muscle cells called precapillary sphincters are located at the origin of the branches of the metarterioles. Thoroughfare channels connect metarterioles to venules.
5. Contrast the function of capillaries in the skin with the function of capillaries in muscle tissue.
Capillaries in the skin function in thermoregulation, and heat loss results from the flow of a large volume of blood through them. In muscle, however, nutrient and waste product exchange is the major function of the capillaries.
6. Name the three layers of a blood vessel. What kinds of tissue are in each layer?
The tunica intima consists of endothelium, a delicate connective tissue basement membrane, a thin layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria, and a fenestrated layer of elastic fibers called the internal elastic membrane.
The tunica media consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel. The tunica media also contains variable amounts of elastic and collagen fibers, depending on the size of the vessel.
The tunica adventitia is composed of connective tissue, which varies from dense connective tissue near the tunica media to loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessel.
7. Compare the amount of elastic fibers and smooth muscle found in each type of artery and vein.
Large elastic arteries have a large amount of elastic tissue and a smaller amount of smooth muscle occurring in their walls. Muscular arteries have relatively thick walls because the tunica media contains 25-40 layers of smooth muscle. Arterioles have no observable elastic membrane and the tunica media consists of one or two layers of circular smooth muscle cells. Venules and small veins have a few smooth muscle cells. Medium and large veins have a few scattered elastic fibers and the tunica media is thin and composed of a thin layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells.
8. What is the function of valves in the blood vessels? In which blood vessels are they found?
Valves allow blood to flow toward the heart but not in the opposite direction. Many valves are present in the medium veins, and the number is greater in veins of the lower extremities than in veins of the upper extremities.
9. Define vasa vasorum and arteriovenous anastamosis, and give their function. Define portal veins and name two examples.
Vasa vasorum are blood vessels which penetrate from the exterior of the blood vessel to form a capillary network in the tunica adventitia and the tunica media. These networks provide nutrients to blood vessels. Arteriovenous anastamosis allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries. Portal veins are veins that begin in a primary capillary network, extend some distance, and end in a secondary capillary network. There is no pumping mechanism like the heart between the two capillary networks. There are two systems of portal veins in humans: the hepatic portal system and the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.
10. Describe the innervation of the walls of blood vessels. Which types of vessels have the greatest innervation?
Nerve fibers branch to form plexuses in the tunica adventitia, and nerve terminals containing neurotransmitter vesicles project among smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. Small arteries and arterioles are innervated to a greater extent than other blood vessel types.
11. Describe the changes that occur in the arteries due to aging. In which vessels do the most significant changes occur?
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries. It consists of degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic. Arteriosclerosis greatly increases resistance to blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the deposition of material in the walls of the arteries to form distinct plaques. It is a common type of arteriosclerosis. The plaques narrow the lumens of blood vessels and make their walls less elastic. The most significant changes occur in the large elastic arteries, such as the aorta, the large arteries that carry blood to the brain, and the coronary arteries.
12. Name the factors associated with premature arteriosclerosis.
There are many risk factors associated with the development of arteriosclerosis. These factors include being at an advanced age, being a male, being a postmenopausal woman, having a family history of arteriosclerosis, smoking cigarettes, having hypertension, having diabetes mellitus, having increased blood LDL and cholesterol levels, being overweight, leading a sedentary lifestyle, and having high blood triglyceride levels.
13. For the vessels of the pulmonary circulation, give their starting point, ending point, and function.
The heart pumps blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. This short vessel branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, one transporting blood to each lung. Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs between air in the lungs and the blood. Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter the left atrium.
14. Name the parts of the aorta.
The aorta is usually divided into three parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.
15. Name the arteries that branch from the aorta to supply the heart.
The coronary arteries are the only branches of the aorta which supply the heart.
16. Name the arteries that branch from the aorta to supply the head neck.
The brachiocephalic artery branches off to form the right common carotid artery which transports blood to the right side of the head and neck. The left common carotid artery supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck. The common carotid arteries continue superiorly and branch to form the internal and external carotid arteries. The external carotid arteries have several branches that supply the structures of the neck and face. The internal carotid arteries, together with the vertebral arteries, which are branches of the subclavian arteries, supply the brain with blood.
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